1
Coming-to-be and passing-away will, as we have said, always be continuous, and will never fail owing to the cause we stated. And this continuity has a sufficient reason. For in all things, as we affirm, nature always strikes after the better. Now being (we have explained elsewhere the variety of meanings we recognize in this term) is better than not-being; but not all things can possess being, since they are too far removed from the principle. God therefore adopted the remaining alternative, and fulfilled the perfection of the universe by making coming-to-be uninterrupted; for the greatest possible coherence would thus be secured to existence, because that coming-to-be should itself come-to-be perpetually is the closest approximation to eternal being.
正如我們說過的,生成和壞滅,將永遠持續下去,並且永不止息,基於我們提過的原因。這持續,有充分的理由。因為,如同我們所確認,在萬有之中,自然總是追求著「更好」。存在比不存在更好(我們已在他處解釋了「存在」這個詞的多重意義);但並非所有事物都能持續存在,因為它們距離「原則」太遠。神因此採取了唯一剩下的方式:藉由讓生成連續不斷,實現了整個宇宙的完滿。如此,存在便確保了最大程度的延續,因為生成本身的不斷生成,就是最接近永恆存在的事物。
——亞里斯多德,《論生成與壞滅》[1],卷二章十,336b25-337a1
2
個人即使等得及,時代是倉促的,已經在破壞中,還有更大的破壞要來。有一天我們的文明,不論是昇華還是浮華,都要成為過去。如果我最常用的字是「荒涼」,那是因為思想背景裏有這惘惘的威脅。
——張愛玲,《傳奇》再版的話
3
可能誰的人生都沒有那麼明顯的意義吧。對人來說真正重要的事情,真正具有重量的,一定是死法這邊,青年想。跟死的方式比起來,活的方式其實並沒有什麼大不了的事情。雖然如此,可是決定人的死法的應該是生的方式。
--村上春樹,《海邊的卡夫卡》(中譯:賴明珠)
4
當我沈默著的時候,我覺得充實;我將開口,同時感到空虛。
過去的生命已經死亡。我對於這死亡有大歡喜,因為我借此知道它曾經存活。死亡的生命已經朽腐。我對於這朽腐有大歡喜,因為我借此知道它還非空虛。
生命的泥委棄在地面上,不生喬木,只生野草,這是我的罪過。
野草,根本不深,花葉不美,然而吸取露,吸取水,吸取陳死人的血和肉,各各奪取它的生存。當生存時,還是將遭踐踏,將遭刪刈,直至於死亡而朽腐。
但我坦然,欣然。我將大笑,我將歌唱。
我自愛我的野草,但我憎惡這以野草作裝飾的地面。
地火在地下運行,奔突;熔岩一旦噴出,將燒盡一切野草,以及喬木,於是並且無可朽腐。
但我坦然,欣然。我將大笑,我將歌唱。
天地有如此靜穆,我不能大笑而且歌唱。天地即不如此靜穆,我或者也將不能。我以這一叢野草,在明與暗,生與死,過去與未來之際,獻於友與仇,人與獸,愛者與不愛者之前作證。
為我自己,為友與仇,人與獸,愛者與不愛者,我希望這野草的朽腐,火速到來。要不然,我先就未曾生存,這實在比死亡與朽腐更其不幸。
去罷,野草,連著我的題辭!
——魯迅,《野草》題辭
5
「我說過我要做你老婆,」伊說,笑了一陣:「可惜我的身子已經不乾淨,不行了。」
「下一輩子吧!」他說,「我這副皮囊比你的還要惡臭不堪的。」
遠遠地響起了一片喧天的樂聲。他看了看表,正是喪家出殯的時候。伊說:
「正對,下一輩子吧。那時我們都像嬰兒那麼乾淨。」
--陳映真,〈將軍族〉
6
‘Then,’ said Socrates, ‘if all this is true, my friend, for someone who reaches the place to which I am journeying there is every hope that there, if anywhere, he will properly acquire that for the sake of which we have worked hard in our past life. Hence the travel now assigned to me comes with good hope, as it does for any other man who considers his thought to have been purified, as it were, and so readied.’
‘Certainly,’ said Simmias.
‘And doesn’t purification turn out to be the very thing we were recently talking about in our discussion, namely parting the soul from the body as much as possible and habituating it to assembling and gathering itself from every part of the body, alone by itself, and to living alone by itself as far as it can, both now and afterwards, released from the body as if from fetters?’
‘Certainly,’ he said.
‘So is it this that is named “death”: release and parting of soul from body?’
‘Yes, entirely so,’ he said.
‘Right, and according to us it is those who really love wisdom who are always particularly eager – or rather, who alone are always eager – to release it, and philosophers’ practice is just that, release and parting of soul from body. Or isn’t it?’
‘It seems to be.’
‘So, just as I was saying at the beginning, wouldn’t it be laughable for a man to be as close as possible to dead, and so to train himself to live like that, but then, when death comes to him, to resent it?’
‘It would be laughable, of course.’
‘In that case, Simmias,’ he said, ‘those who truly love wisdom are in reality practising dying, and being dead is least fearful to them of all people.’
「那麼,」蘇格拉底說,「如果這一切皆為真,我的伙伴,對於抵達我正前往之處的人來說,在那裡,他將極為有望能確實地獲得我們在過往的生命中努力追求的那個東西(若它真的存在於某處)。因此那現在被指派給我的旅程伴隨著美好的希望,對其他任何認為自己的思想已經可謂被淨化,因此已經準備妥當的人來說,這旅程亦是如此。」
「當然。」西米亞斯說。
「而淨化是否恰巧就是我們方才在討論中談到的那個東西,也就是盡可能使靈魂從身體分離,並且使它習慣於將自己從身體的每個部分組裝、聚攏起來,只和自己在一起,習慣於獨自活著,無論現時和以後,都要像遠離桎梏那樣遠離身體,越久越好?」
「當然。」他說。
「所以,『靈魂從身體釋放、分離出來』,這是否正是被稱為『死亡』?」
「是的,全然如此。」他說。
「好的,而且如我們所言,總是特別渴望去釋放靈魂的人(或者不如說,唯一總是渴望如此的人),正是那些真正愛好智慧的人,且哲學家所做的事情就只是,將靈魂從身體釋放、分離出來。或者不是這樣嗎?」
「看來是。」
「所以,正如我一開始所說的,若有一個人,盡可能去接近死亡,並藉此訓練自己活得像已死那樣,卻在死亡來臨的時候憤恨不平,這不是很可笑嗎?」
「那會很可笑的,當然。」
「既然如此,西米亞斯,」他說,「那些真正愛好智慧的人,其實就是在練習死亡。並且,他們是所有人之中最不畏懼死亡的人。」
——柏拉圖,《費多》[2],67b-e
[1] 英譯文引自Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Complete Works of Aristotle (Princeton, 1984) 。中譯譯自英文,略有改動(參考了C. J. F. Williams (trans.) , Aristotle’s De Generatione et Corruptione (Clarendon, 1982) )。亞里斯多德的這部著作原名為περὶ γενέσεως καὶ φθορᾶς,拉丁文譯名為De Generatione et Corruptione,英文譯名有On Generation and Corruption和On Coming to Be and Passing Away兩種,德文譯名為Über Entstehen und Vergehen。「論生成與壞滅」是我自己的翻譯。
[2] 英譯文引自David Sedley (ed.) and Alex Long (trans.), Plato. Meno and Phaedo (Cambridge, 2011)。中譯譯自英文,略有改動(參考了徐學庸《米諾篇、費多篇譯注》(臺灣商務印書館,2013))。
在節目上看到你的表現優異,看你在blog寫的文章也令人省思。 不愧是高手。good job!
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